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A glossary of medical conditions in pets

From common symptoms to treatments, we’ve covered it all in this handy glossary.

Pet Medical Conditions

In this Guide:

Insure Your Pet
Ever notice your furry friend acting a little off? Maybe they're not eating as much, seem lethargic, or have that uncomfortable itch they just can't scratch.

While a quick internet search might leave you more worried than informed, fear not! This guide is here to shed light on some of the most common medical conditions in dogs and cats, helping you become a more informed pet parent.

Remember!

Always speak to your vet to discuss the most suitable treatment for your pet. Getting expert guidance and support from a trained professional is the best way to help your furry friend feel better.

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Arthritis

What is arthritis?

Arthritis is a degenerative joint disease that affects both dogs and cats. Over time, the cartilage that cushions and protects the ends of bones wears down, causing inflammation, pain, and stiffness in the joints. This can make everyday activities like jumping, climbing stairs, or going for walks difficult and uncomfortable for your furry friend.

Most common in: cats and dogs
Arthritis is incredibly common in both dogs and cats, especially as they age. While estimates suggest around 25% of dogs will be diagnosed with arthritis in their lifetime, some studies suggest up to 90% of cats over 12 may have radiographic signs, though they may not show outward symptoms.
Spot the symptoms 
Dogs:
  • Stiffness, especially after rest or getting up in the morning. This may improve with mild activity but worsen after extended periods of lying down.
  • Difficulty in movement: for example, rising, climbing stairs, or jumping on furniture.
  • Lameness or limping, which may be worse on some days than others.
  • Reduced activity level and lethargy: your dog may seem less interested in playing or going for walks.
  • Behavioural changes: pain can make some dogs irritable or grumpy. They may also whimper or whine when touched in certain areas.
  • Loss of muscle mass around the affected joints.
  • Licking or chewing at sore joints.
Cats:
  • Difficulty in movement: for example, jumping or reluctance to jump on furniture or climb stairs.
  • Stiffness, especially noticeable after periods of rest.
  • Changes in litter box habits: your cat may have difficulty entering or exiting the litter box due to pain, leading to messing outside the box.
  • Excessive grooming in an attempt to alleviate discomfort.
  • Decreased activity level and lethargy: your cat may seem less interested in playing or exploring.
  • Sleeping in unusual positions: stiffness may make it uncomfortable for your cat to sleep in their usual curled-up position.
  • Changes in appetite: some arthritic cats may lose their appetite due to pain.
  • Vocalisation, especially when touched or picked up.
Treatments 
Dogs:
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): these medications can help reduce pain and inflammation in the joints. However, they can have side effects, so it's important to use them under a veterinarian's guidance.
  • Pain medications: in some cases, stronger pain medications may be needed to manage severe arthritis.
  • Weight management: excess weight puts additional strain on joints, so keeping your dog at a healthy weight can significantly improve their mobility and comfort.
  • Joint supplements: supplements like glucosamine and chondroitin may help support joint health and reduce inflammation.
  • Physical therapy: exercises designed to improve flexibility and muscle strength can help maintain mobility and function in arthritic joints.
  • Acupuncture: some studies suggest acupuncture may be beneficial for pain management in dogs with arthritis.
  • Environmental modifications: ramps, raised food and water bowls, and non-slip flooring can make it easier for your dog to get around and navigate their environment comfortably.
Cats:
  • Pain medication: pain medication can help manage discomfort and improve your cat's quality of life.
  • Weight management: maintaining a healthy weight in your cat can significantly reduce strain on their joints.
  • Joint supplements: talk to your veterinarian about joint supplements that may be appropriate for your cat.
  • Environmental modifications: cat trees, ramps, and comfortable bedding can help your cat navigate their environment and find comfortable resting positions.
  • Laser therapy: some veterinary clinics offer laser therapy, which may help reduce pain and inflammation in arthritic joints.
  • Heat therapy: a warm compress applied to sore joints for short periods can provide temporary pain relief. Always supervise your cat to avoid burns.
  • Dietary changes: certain dietary changes, like adding fish oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids, may help reduce inflammation.

Dental disease

What is dental disease?

Dental disease, also known as periodontal disease, is a progressive condition affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth in both dogs and cats.

It starts with plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that forms on teeth. If not removed through regular brushing or chewing, plaque hardens into tartar (calculus), which irritates the gums and leads to gingivitis (inflammation of the gums).

Left untreated, gingivitis can worsen to periodontitis, a severe gum infection that damages the ligaments and bone supporting the teeth. This can lead to tooth loss, pain, and even systemic health problems.

Most common in: cats and dogs
Dental disease is incredibly common in both dogs and cats. Studies suggest that over 80% of dogs and 70% of cats over the age of 3 will have some form of dental disease. Unfortunately, many pets don't show obvious signs until the condition is quite advanced.
Spot the symptoms 
For dogs:
  • Bad breath (halitosis): this is one of the first and most noticeable signs of dental disease.
  • Difficulty or reluctance to eat: pain or discomfort in the mouth can make chewing kibble or hard treats difficult. Your dog may favour softer foods.
  • Red, inflamed, or bleeding gums: healthy gums should be pink and firm.
  • Drooling excessively: this may be a sign of mouth pain or difficulty swallowing.
  • Loose or broken teeth: in advanced cases, teeth may become loose or fall out.
  • Pawing at the face or rubbing the mouth: this can be a sign of pain or discomfort in the mouth.
For cats:
  • Bad breath (halitosis): bad breath is a common sign of dental problems in cats.
  • Difficulty or reluctance to eat: mouth pain can make chewing difficult. Your cat may show a preference for softer foods.
  • Red, inflamed, or bleeding gums: check your cat's gums for any signs of inflammation or bleeding.
  • Drooling: while less common than in dogs, excessive drooling can be a sign of dental disease in cats.
  • Weight loss: difficulty chewing or mouth pain can lead to decreased food intake and weight loss.
  • Behavioural changes: pain can make some cats irritable or withdrawn.
Treatments 
For dogs and cats:
  • Professional dental cleaning: this is the cornerstone of treatment for dental disease. Under anaesthesia, your veterinarian will remove plaque and tartar buildup, address any diseased teeth, and polish the teeth to prevent future buildup.
  • Home dental care: regular brushing with a pet-specific toothpaste is crucial for preventing plaque buildup between professional cleanings. Talk to your veterinarian about the best brushing technique and frequency for your pet.
  • Dental chews and toys: these can help remove plaque and tartar buildup and satisfy your pet's natural chewing instinct. Choose chews or toys that are appropriate for your pet's size and chewing strength.
  • Dietary changes: a dental diet formulated to reduce plaque and tartar buildup can be beneficial for some pets. Talk to your veterinarian about the best dietary options for your pet's individual needs.
Prevent to protect 
  • Schedule regular veterinary checkups: your veterinarian can assess your pet's oral health during routine checkups and recommend professional cleanings when necessary.
  • Start dental care early: the earlier you begin at-home dental care, the better chance you have of preventing dental disease in your pet.
  • Make dental care a positive experience: offer praise and treats to make brushing and dental care a positive experience for your pet.

Diabetes

What is diabetes?

Diabetes mellitus, often simply called diabetes, is a chronic endocrine disorder affecting both dogs and cats.

The body is unable to produce enough insulin, or the cells become resistant to insulin's effects, leading to high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia). Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels by allowing cells to absorb glucose from the bloodstream for energy.

When this process is disrupted, the body's cells are starved for energy, while excess sugar circulates in the bloodstream.

Most common in: cats and dogs
Diabetes is a relatively common condition in both dogs and cats. While estimates vary,  around 1 in every 300 dogs and up to 1 in 200 cats will develop diabetes in their lifetime.

Certain breeds of dogs are predisposed to diabetes, including Poodles, Yorkshire Terriers, Dachshunds, and Labrador Retrievers. In cats, risk factors include obesity, middle age to senior years, and certain breeds like Burmese and Siamese.
Spot the symptoms 
For dogs:
  • Excessive thirst (polydipsia): one of the classic signs of diabetes, your dog may drink excessively and urinate more frequently.
  • Increased urination (polyuria): the body attempts to eliminate excess sugar through urination, leading to frequent urination.
  • Increased hunger (polyphagia): despite increased food intake, your dog may lose weight because the body is unable to properly utilise the nutrients from food.
  • Weight loss: even with increased appetite, weight loss is a common symptom due to the body's inability to use glucose for energy.
  • Lethargy and weakness: lack of energy due to the body's cells being starved for glucose.
  • Cloudy eyes (cataracts): cataracts can develop in diabetic dogs as a result of long-term high blood sugar levels.
For cats:
  • Excessive thirst (polydipsia): similar to dogs, increased thirst is a common sign of diabetes in cats.
  • Increased urination (polyuria): frequent urination is another hallmark symptom.
  • Weight loss: despite potentially normal or even increased appetite, weight loss can occur.
  • Urinary tract infections (UTIs): frequent urination can increase the risk of UTIs in diabetic cats.
  • Vomiting: in some cases, diabetic cats may vomit due to high blood sugar levels.
  • Lethargy and weakness: just like dogs, lack of energy is a common symptom.
  • Poor hair coat: a dull or unkempt hair coat can be a sign of underlying health issues, including diabetes.
Treatments 
For dogs and cats:
  • Insulin injections: the mainstay of diabetes treatment is insulin therapy. Injections are typically administered once or twice daily to regulate blood sugar levels. The dosage will be determined by your veterinarian based on your pet's individual needs and blood sugar monitoring results.
  • Dietary management: a veterinarian-recommended diabetic diet formulated to manage blood sugar levels is crucial. These diets may be lower in carbohydrates and higher in fibre to promote slower glucose absorption.
  • Weight management: maintaining a healthy weight is essential for managing diabetes in both dogs and cats. Excess weight can make it more difficult to control blood sugar levels.
  • Regular blood sugar monitoring: monitoring your pet's blood sugar levels at home with a pet-specific glucometer allows you to track their response to treatment and identify any potential issues. Your veterinarian will advise on the appropriate monitoring frequency.
Caring for your diabetic pet 
  • Develop a routine: consistency with feeding times, insulin administration, and exercise is crucial for effective diabetes management.
  • Partner with your veterinarian: regular checkups and communication with your veterinarian are essential for monitoring your pet's health and adjusting treatment as needed.
  • Learn about diabetes: educating yourself about diabetes in pets will empower you to manage your pet's condition effectively and provide them with the best possible care.

Ear infections

What is an ear infection?

An ear infection, also known as otitis externa, is a painful inflammation of the outer ear canal in dogs and cats. This inflammation is typically caused by a bacterial or yeast overgrowth, although allergies, parasites (like ear mites), or foreign objects can also be culprits.

Most common in: cats and dogs
Ear infections are quite common in both dogs and cats, especially those with floppy ears, narrow ear canals, or chronic allergies.

Certain dog breeds, like Cocker Spaniels, Basset Hounds, and Poodles, are predisposed due to the conformation of their ears. While less common, ear infections can also affect cats, particularly those with allergies or ear mites.
Spot the symptoms 
For dogs:
  • Ear scratching or shaking: this is one of the most common and noticeable signs of an ear infection. The scratching or head shaking may be frequent and intense due to the discomfort in the ear canal.
  • Redness, swelling, or discharge from the ear: inflammation can cause the ear canal to appear red and swollen. Discharge may be yellow, brown, or even bloody.
  • Foul odour: ear infections often have a foul odour due to the presence of bacteria or yeast.
  • Head tilting: in some cases, a dog with an ear infection may tilt their head to one side due to pain or discomfort in the affected ear.
  • Hearing loss: severe or chronic ear infections can sometimes lead to temporary or permanent hearing loss.
For cats:
  • Head shaking or tilting: head shaking or tilting is a common sign of discomfort in the ear.
  • Scratching at the ears: while less common than head shaking, some cats may scratch at their ears to alleviate discomfort.
  • Redness or swelling of the ear canal: inflammation may cause visible redness or swelling of the outer ear canal.
  • Discharge from the ear: discharge may be yellow, brown, or bloody.
  • Loss of balance: in severe cases, an ear infection can affect a cat's balance.
  • Crusting or scabbing around the ear: this may be a sign of a chronic ear infection or underlying skin allergies.
Treatments 
For dogs and cats:
  • Ear cleaning: cleaning the ear canal with a veterinarian-approved cleaning solution is crucial for removing debris, bacteria, and yeast. Your veterinarian will demonstrate the proper cleaning technique to avoid further irritating the ear canal.
  • Ear medications: depending on the underlying cause of the infection (bacterial, yeast, parasitic), your veterinarian will prescribe ear drops or ointments to combat the infection.
  • Oral medications: in some cases, oral antibiotics or antifungal medications may be necessary to treat the infection systemically.
  • Addressing underlying causes: if allergies are suspected as a contributing factor, allergy management strategies will be necessary to prevent future infections. For ear mites, medication to eliminate the mites will be prescribed. Foreign objects lodged in the ear canal will need to be removed by your veterinarian.
Prevent to protect 
  • Regular ear cleaning: regular cleaning, especially for breeds prone to ear infections, can help prevent the buildup of wax and debris. Use a veterinarian-approved cleaning solution and follow proper cleaning techniques.
  • Manage allergies: if your pet has allergies, working with your veterinarian to develop a management plan can help reduce the risk of ear infections triggered by allergies.
  • Dry those ears: after bathing or swimming, thoroughly dry your pet's ears with a clean cloth to prevent moisture buildup that can harbour bacteria or yeast.
  • Regular veterinary checkups: routine checkups allow your veterinarian to examine your pet's ears and identify any potential problems early on.

Ear mites

What are ear mites?

Ear mites, tiny parasitic mites belonging to the genus Otodectes cynotis, are a common cause of ear infections in both dogs and cats. These mites burrow into the ear canal, feeding on earwax, blood, and cellular debris. Their presence and activity irritate the ear canal, leading to inflammation and intense itching.

Ear mites are highly contagious and easily transmitted between animals through direct contact. This can happen during playtime with infested animals, sharing bedding, or grooming each other. While less common, ear mites can also be transmitted from an infested mother to her puppies or kittens.

Ear mites vs. ear infections:

While ear mites can cause ear infections, they are not the only culprit. Bacterial or yeast overgrowth can also lead to ear infections with similar symptoms. Consulting your veterinarian for a proper diagnosis is crucial to ensure your pet receives the most effective treatment.

Most common in: cats
Ear mites are more common in cats, especially kittens, but can also infest dogs, particularly puppies. While less frequent in adult dogs, ear mites can be a problem for dogs with weakened immune systems or those frequently exposed to infested animals.
Spot the symptoms 
For dogs and cats:
  • Intense ear scratching or shaking: this is the most common and noticeable sign of ear mites. The constant itching can cause significant discomfort and lead to self-inflicted injuries from scratching.
  • Redness, swelling, or inflammation of the ear canal: the irritation caused by the mites can lead to inflammation and redness of the ear canal.
  • Dark, crumbly discharge from the ear: this discharge, often described as coffee-ground coloured, is a mixture of earwax, debris, and mite faeces.
  • Foul odour: ear mite infestations often have a foul odour due to the presence of mites and bacterial overgrowth.
  • Head tilting: in some cases, a pet with ear mites may tilt their head to one side due to pain or discomfort in the affected ear.
  • Hearing loss: severe or chronic ear mite infestations can sometimes lead to temporary or permanent hearing loss.
Treatments 
For dogs and cats:
  • Ear cleaning: cleaning the ear canal with a veterinarian-approved solution can help remove debris, mites, and mite faeces. Your veterinarian will demonstrate the proper cleaning technique to avoid further irritating the ear canal.
  • Acaricide medication: ear drops or topical medications containing an acaricide (medication that kills mites) are the mainstay of treatment. A single dose or a short course of treatment may be sufficient, depending on the severity of the infestation. Your veterinarian will prescribe the most appropriate medication for your pet.
  • Oral medications: in some cases, particularly with severe infestations or recurrent issues, oral medication may be prescribed alongside topical treatment.
Prevent to protect 
  • Regular veterinary checkups: routine checkups allow your veterinarian to examine your pet's ears and identify any potential problems, including ear mites, early on.
  • Maintain a clean environment: keeping your pet's bedding and living area clean can help reduce the risk of mite transmission.
  • Address overcrowding: overcrowded shelters or kennels can increase the risk of parasite transmission, including ear mites. If you bring your pet to boarding facilities, inquire about their parasite prevention protocols.
  • New pet introductions: if introducing a new pet to your household, have them checked by a veterinarian for parasites before allowing them to interact with your existing pets.

Feline lower urinary tract disease

What is Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease?

Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease, also known as FLUTD, is an umbrella term encompassing a variety of conditions affecting the lower urinary tract (bladder and urethra) in cats. These conditions can cause inflammation, irritation, and difficulty urinating. While bladder stones can be a contributing factor in some cases, FLUTD often occurs without the presence of stones.

Common causes of FLUTD include stress. Events such as moving to a new home, introducing a new pet, or changes in routine can trigger FLUTD episodes in some cats. Their diet is incredibly important too. A diet low in moisture or inadequate water intake can contribute to FLUTD by concentrating urine and promoting crystal formation.

Likewise, excess weight can put additional strain on the bladder and contribute to FLUTD. In some cases, FLUTD can be a secondary symptom of other medical conditions like bladder infections or urinary stones.

Most common in: cats
This disease only affects cats and is incredibly common, affecting up to 1 in 3 cats at some point in their lives. It is more prevalent in middle-aged and overweight cats, although cats of any age can be affected.
Spot the symptoms 
For cats:
  • Straining to urinate: this is a common sign, with cats frequently attempting to urinate but producing little or no urine.
  • Frequent urination: cats with FLUTD may urinate more frequently, even in small amounts.
  • Blood in the urine: blood may be visible in the urine, appearing pink, red, or rusty brown.
  • Urinating outside the litter box: discomfort associated with urination can lead to inappropriate urination outside the litter box, often in unusual places.
  • Vocalisation during urination: pain or discomfort while urinating may cause your cat to vocalise (cry or meow) during litter box use.
  • Licking the genital area excessively: cats may lick themselves more frequently due to discomfort or irritation in the urinary tract.
Treatments 
For cats:
  • Pain medication: managing pain and discomfort is crucial for encouraging urination and preventing further straining.
  • Stress management: identifying and addressing potential stressors in your cat's environment can help prevent future episodes. Techniques like Feliway pheromone diffusers or environmental enrichment can be beneficial.
  • Dietary changes: a veterinarian-recommended diet formulated for urinary health is often recommended. These diets may be lower in minerals that can contribute to crystal formation and promote increased water intake.
  • Increased water intake: encouraging your cat to drink more water can help dilute urine and prevent crystal formation. Water fountains or adding water to your cat's food can be helpful strategies.
  • Treating underlying conditions: if an underlying medical condition is identified as the cause of FLUTD, your veterinarian will address that specific condition alongside managing FLUTD symptoms.
  • Fluid therapy: in severe cases, hospitalisation and intravenous fluids may be necessary to address dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
Prevent to protect 
  • Regular veterinary checkups: routine checkups allow your veterinarian to monitor your cat's urinary health and identify any potential problems early on.
  • Provide a stress-free environment: create a calm and predictable environment for your cat to minimise stress.
  • Encourage water intake: provide multiple water sources throughout the house and consider using a water fountain to entice your cat to drink more.
  • Maintain a healthy weight: obesity is a risk factor for FLUTD. Maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise is crucial for your cat's overall health and urinary tract health.
  • Monitor litter box habits: pay attention to your cat's litter box habits and consult your veterinarian if you notice any changes in frequency, straining, or elimination outside the litter box.

Fleas and ticks

What are fleas and ticks?

Fleas and ticks are external parasites that can plague both dogs and cats, causing discomfort, irritation, and potentially transmitting diseases. Ticks can even transmit various diseases to both pets and humans, including Lyme disease, babesiosis, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

Understanding these pests and knowing how to prevent and treat infestations is crucial for keeping your furry friend and family healthy.

Fleas: These tiny, wingless insects are reddish-brown and feed on the blood of animals. They have a life cycle that includes eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults. Fleas can jump long distances and reproduce quickly, leading to heavy infestations if left untreated.

Ticks: These spider-like parasites attach themselves to an animal's skin and feed on their blood. Ticks come in various sizes and species, some of which can transmit serious diseases to pets and humans.

Most common in: cats and dogs
Fleas and ticks can infest both dogs and cats. While outdoor pets are at higher risk due to exposure to wildlife and tall grasses, even indoor pets can be susceptible if fleas or ticks are brought inside on clothing or other pets.
Spot the symptoms 
For dogs and cats:
  • Excessive scratching and biting: the most common sign of a flea infestation is intense itching caused by flea bites. Your pet may scratch themselves relentlessly, leading to hair loss and irritated skin.
  • Visible fleas or flea dirt: parting your pet's fur may reveal tiny brown or black specks (flea dirt) or even small, reddish-brown fleas themselves.
  • Tapeworm segments: fleas can act as intermediate hosts for tapeworms. If your pet ingests a flea while grooming, they may develop tapeworm segments visible in their stool.
  • Finding a tick attached to your pet's skin: this is the most obvious sign of a tick infestation. Ticks can attach anywhere on your pet's body, but common areas include the head, neck, ears, and legs.
  • Redness, swelling, or irritation around the tick bite: the area around a tick bite may be red, swollen, and itchy.
  • Listlessness or lethargy: in severe infestations, a pet may become listless or lethargic due to blood loss.
Treatments 
For dogs and cats:
  • See your veterinarian: if you suspect your pet has fleas or ticks, consult your veterinarian for diagnosis and treatment recommendations.
  • Medication: your veterinarian will prescribe the most appropriate medication to eliminate fleas and ticks from your pet.
  • Environmental treatment: in addition to treating your pet, you'll also need to treat your home environment to prevent re-infestation. This may involve using flea bombs or sprays according to your veterinarian's instructions.
Prevent to protect 
  • Year-round preventative medication: talk to your veterinarian about the best flea and tick preventative medication for your pet. These medications come in various forms, including topical treatments, oral medications, and collars.
  • Regular grooming: regular brushing and combing can help remove fleas, ticks, and flea eggs from your pet's fur.
  • Environmental control: vacuum carpets and furniture regularly to remove fleas and eggs from your home. Wash pet bedding in hot water to kill fleas and ticks.
  • Yard maintenance: keep your yard free of tall grass and debris where fleas and ticks can hide.

Hairballs

What are hairballs?

Hairballs (medical term, trichobezoars) are masses of ingested hair that form in a cat's digestive tract. Cats are meticulous groomers, and as they lick themselves, they inevitably swallow loose hair. Most of this hair passes through the digestive system without issue, but some accumulates in the stomach or intestines, forming a hairball.

The common causes of hairballs include excessive grooming, a lack of fibre in the diet (fibre helps move hair through the digestive system so, a diet low in fibre can contribute to hairball formation), and long hair (long-haired cats are more prone to hairballs due to the amount of hair they shed). In some cases, hairballs can be a symptom of an underlying digestive disorder.

Most common in: cats
Hairballs are extremely common in cats, especially long-haired breeds. While occasional hairballs are normal, frequent or large hairballs can be a sign of an underlying issue and require veterinary attention.
Spot the symptoms 
For cats:
  • Vomiting hairballs: the most obvious sign is your cat coughing up a hairball, often resembling a cylindrical mass of fur.
  • Retching or gagging: cats may exhibit retching or gagging sounds as they try to expel a hairball.
  • Loss of appetite: frequent or large hairballs can cause discomfort and reduce appetite.
  • Constipation or diarrhoea: hairballs can sometimes interfere with normal bowel movements.
  • Lethargy: in severe cases, repeated hairball issues can lead to lethargy and weight loss.
Treatments 
For cats:

Most hairballs can be managed at home with preventive measures and hairball remedies. However, if your cat is experiencing severe symptoms, such as frequent vomiting, difficulty breathing, or loss of appetite, consult your veterinarian. In rare cases, a hairball may cause a blockage requiring veterinary intervention.
Prevent to protect 
  • Regular grooming: brushing your cat regularly helps remove loose hair before they can swallow it.
  • High-fibre diet: feeding a diet rich in fibre can help move hair through the digestive system more efficiently.
  • Hairball remedies: there are various commercial hairball remedies available, such as pastes, gels, or treats, which can help lubricate the digestive tract and facilitate hairball passage.
  • Regular veterinary check-ups: if your cat experiences frequent or severe hairball issues, consult your veterinarian to rule out any underlying medical conditions.

Hyperthyroidism

What is hyperthyroidism?

Hyperthyroidism is a condition caused by the overproduction of thyroid hormones. The thyroid gland, located in the neck, regulates metabolism, heart rate, body temperature, and weight. When overactive, it speeds up bodily functions, leading to a range of health issues.

Most common in: cats
Older cats are more likely to suffer from hyperthyroidism. However, it can also occur in younger cats and also dogs.
Spot the symptoms 
For cats:
  • Increased appetite: cats with hyperthyroidism often eat more than usual but lose weight.
  • Weight loss: despite increased appetite, noticeable weight loss is common.
  • Hyperactivity: cats may become more energetic, restless, and vocal.
  • Increased thirst and urination: the cat may drink and urinate more frequently.
  • Digestive issues: vomiting, diarrhoea, and increased bowel movements can occur.
  • Changes in coat: the coat may become dull, greasy, or fall out in patches.
  • Heart abnormalities: rapid heart rate, heart murmurs, and potential heart enlargement can develop.
For dogs:

Hyperthyroidism is rare in dogs, and symptoms can be less obvious. When present, they may include:
  • Increased appetite with weight loss: similar to cats, but less pronounced.
  • Hyperactivity: dogs may become more energetic or restless.
  • Heart problems: rapid heart rate, heart murmurs, and potential heart failure.
  • Other signs: increased thirst, urination, or gastrointestinal upset can occur.
Treatments 
For cats:
  • Medication: anti-thyroid drugs to lower thyroid hormone levels.
  • Radioactive iodine therapy: targets and destroys overactive thyroid tissue.
  • Thyroid surgery: removal of part or all of the thyroid gland.
For dogs:

Due to the rarity of hyperthyroidism in dogs, treatment is often tailored to the individual case. Potential options include:
  • Medication: to manage thyroid hormone levels.
  • Surgery: to remove thyroid tumours if present.
  • Other therapies: depending on the underlying cause and severity.
Caring for your pet with hyperthyroidism 
Currently, there is not enough evidence to show that hyperthyroidism can be effectively prevented. However, there are ways to manage hyperthyroidism symptoms and ensure your furry friend stays healthy and happy:
  • Regular veterinary check-ups: essential for monitoring thyroid levels and overall health.
  • Weight management: monitor your pet's weight despite increased appetite.
  • Provide a calm environment: reduce stress to help manage symptoms.
  • Understand the condition: learn about hyperthyroidism to provide optimal care.

Kennel cough

What is kennel cough?

Kennel cough is a common and highly contagious respiratory infection affecting dogs. It's a general term for inflammation of the trachea (windpipe) and bronchial tubes (airways) in dogs.

The condition is typically caused by a combination of viruses and bacteria, though it can also be triggered by irritants like inhaled particles. Kennel cough is often contracted in environments where dogs congregate, such as kennels, dog parks, and grooming salons.

Most common in: dogs
Kennel cough is exclusively a canine disease. Cats do not contract or spread this infection.
Spot the symptoms 
For dogs:
  • Coughing: the primary symptom of kennel cough is a distinctive, harsh cough that often sounds like a goose honk or a gagging noise.
  • Nasal discharge: runny nose or sneezing.
  • Eye discharge: watery or cloudy eyes.
  • Lethargy: reduced energy levels and decreased appetite.
  • Fever: although less common, some dogs may experience a mild fever.
  • Difficulty breathing: in severe cases, dogs may show signs of laboured breathing, such as rapid panting or open-mouth breathing.
Treatments 
For dogs:

Most cases of kennel cough are mild and resolve on their own within a few weeks. However, supportive care and veterinary intervention may be necessary in some cases. Treatment options include:
  • Rest: providing a quiet and comfortable environment for your dog to rest.
  • Humidification: using a cool-mist humidifier can help soothe irritated airways.
  • Cough suppressants: in severe cases, your veterinarian may prescribe medication to reduce coughing.
  • Antibiotics: if a bacterial infection is contributing to the illness, antibiotics may be prescribed.
  • Honey: some studies suggest that honey can help soothe a cough, but it should not be given to puppies.
Prevent to protect 
  • Vaccination: while not foolproof, the kennel cough vaccine can help reduce the severity of symptoms and the duration of illness. It's especially recommended for dogs that frequently interact with other dogs.
  • Hygiene: wash your hands thoroughly after handling your dog, especially if they have been in contact with other dogs.
  • Disinfection: clean and disinfect your dog's environment, including bedding, toys, and food bowls, to reduce the spread of germs.
  • Avoid high-risk areas: limit exposure to areas where dogs congregate, such as dog parks or grooming salons, during outbreaks of kennel cough.
  • Indoor air quality: ensure your home has good ventilation to reduce the concentration of airborne germs.

Obesity

What is obesity?

Obesity is a condition where an animal carries excessive body fat, significantly impacting their overall health. It's defined as a body weight that is 15-20% above the ideal weight for the animal's breed, size, and age. Obesity is a serious health concern that can significantly reduce the lifespan and quality of life of your pet.

Most common in: cats and dogs
Obesity is a prevalent problem in both dogs and cats. In fact, it's one of the most common health issues seen by veterinarians. Overfeeding, lack of exercise, and certain medical conditions can contribute to obesity in both species.
Spot the symptoms 
For dogs and cats:
  • Visible excess weight: this is the most obvious sign, with fat deposits noticeable around the abdomen, neck, and base of the tail.
  • Difficulty breathing or panting: excess weight can put strain on the respiratory system.
  • Reduced energy levels: obese pets often become less active and may experience lethargy.
  • Joint pain and stiffness: extra weight puts pressure on joints, leading to discomfort and mobility issues.
  • Skin infections: obesity can contribute to skin folds and moisture buildup, increasing the risk of skin infections.
  • Increased risk of heatstroke: overweight pets are more susceptible to overheating.
  • Difficulty grooming: obese cats may struggle to reach certain areas for grooming.
Treatments 
For dogs and cats:
  • Diet: switching to a weight management diet formulated by a veterinarian is crucial. Portion control and avoiding treats are essential.
  • Exercise: regular physical activity is vital. This can include walks, playtime, and interactive toys.
  • Veterinary care: your vet can monitor your pet's weight loss progress, address any underlying health issues, and provide guidance on appropriate diet and exercise.
  • Behaviour modification: addressing factors like overfeeding or begging can be necessary.
Prevent to protect 
  • Regular check-ups: regular veterinary check-ups allow for early detection of weight gain and address potential causes.
  • Appropriate diet: choose a high-quality diet suitable for your pet's age, breed, and activity level. Avoid overfeeding and excessive treats.
  • Exercise: provide regular opportunities for physical activity tailored to your pet's breed and abilities.
  • Spay/neuter: this can help regulate hormones that contribute to weight gain.
  • Monitor treats: be mindful of the calorie content of treats and avoid excessive giving.
  • Create a healthy environment: remove temptations like food scraps or accessible counters.

Parvovirus

What is parvovirus?

Parvovirus, also known as canine parvovirus, is a highly contagious and potentially fatal viral disease that primarily affects dogs, particularly puppies. The virus attacks rapidly dividing cells in the body, including those in the intestines and immune system. This leads to severe gastrointestinal symptoms and a weakened immune response, making the body vulnerable to secondary infections.

Most common in: dogs
Parvovirus is specific to dogs and does not affect cats or other animals.
Spot the symptoms 
For dogs:

Parvovirus causes severe gastrointestinal distress. Symptoms typically appear within 2-7 days of exposure and include:
  • Lethargy: dogs become extremely tired and weak.
  • Loss of appetite: they may stop eating or drinking.
  • Vomiting: persistent vomiting can lead to dehydration.
  • Diarrhoea: severe, often bloody diarrhoea is a characteristic symptom.
  • Fever: a high temperature may be present.
  • Dehydration: due to vomiting and diarrhoea, dogs can become severely dehydrated.
  • Abdominal pain: dogs may show signs of abdominal discomfort.
  • Heart issues: in severe cases, parvovirus can also affect the heart muscle, leading to heart problems, particularly in young puppies.
Treatments 
For dogs:

Parvovirus is a serious disease requiring immediate veterinary care. Treatment focuses on supportive care to combat dehydration, maintain electrolyte balance, and manage secondary infections.
  • Intravenous fluids: to correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
  • Antibiotics: to prevent or treat secondary bacterial infections.
  • Anti-nausea medication: to control vomiting.
  • Pain management: to alleviate discomfort.
  • Nutritional support: feeding through a tube may be necessary in severe cases.
Prevent to protect 
  • Vaccination: the most effective way to prevent parvovirus is through vaccination. Puppies should receive a series of vaccinations starting at around 6-8 weeks of age.
  • Hygiene: proper hygiene practices, such as washing hands after handling pets, can help reduce the spread of the virus.
  • Avoid exposure: limit contact with stray or unvaccinated dogs, especially puppies.

Skin allergies

What are skin allergies?

Skin allergies, also known as allergic dermatitis, are a common condition in both dogs and cats. They occur when the immune system overreacts to substances in the environment, such as pollen, dust mites, or flea saliva. This overreaction causes inflammation and itching of the skin.

Most common in: cats and dogs
Skin allergies are prevalent in both dogs and cats. While the specific allergens and symptoms can vary between the two species, they both experience discomfort and irritation due to allergic reactions.
Spot the symptoms 
For dogs and cats:
  • Itching: excessive scratching, licking, or chewing at the skin.
  • Redness and inflammation: the skin becomes red, inflamed, and irritated.
  • Hair loss: constant scratching can lead to hair loss in affected areas.
  • Skin infections: due to constant licking and scratching, secondary bacterial or yeast infections can develop.
  • Hot spots: these are inflamed, moist, and often smelly skin areas caused by excessive licking or chewing.
  • Ear infections: allergies can contribute to recurring ear infections.
  • Paw licking: constant licking of the paws can lead to redness, swelling, and even cracks in the paw pads.
Treatments 
For dogs and cats:
  • Medicated shampoos and rinses: to soothe inflammation and reduce itching.
  • Corticosteroids: oral or topical steroids to reduce inflammation.
  • Antihistamines: to help alleviate itching.
  • Fatty acid supplements: to support skin health.
  • Allergy testing: to identify specific allergens for targeted avoidance.
  • Immunotherapy: in some cases, allergy shots or drops may be recommended.
Prevent to protect 
For dogs and cats:
  • Regular grooming: this helps remove allergens and prevent matting.
  • Flea control: fleas can trigger allergic reactions, so consistent flea prevention is essential.
  • Environmental control: reduce exposure to potential allergens like pollen, dust mites, and mould in your home.
  • Healthy diet: a balanced diet supports overall skin health.
  • Regular veterinary check-ups: early detection and management are crucial.

Upper respiratory infections (URIs)

What is an upper respiratory infection?

An upper respiratory infection (URI) is an inflammation of the nasal passages, sinuses, throat, and/or larynx (voice box) in animals. It's commonly caused by a combination of viruses and bacteria and is highly contagious.

Most common in: cats and dogs
Upper respiratory infections are common in both dogs and cats. While the specific viruses and bacteria involved can differ between the two species, the overall symptoms and course of the illness share similarities.
Spot the symptoms 
For dogs and cats:
  • Nasal discharge: clear or coloured mucus coming from the nose.
  • Sneezing: frequent sneezing.
  • Coughing: a dry or productive cough, especially in dogs.
  • Conjunctivitis: inflammation and redness of the eyes.
  • Eye discharge: watery or thick discharge from the eyes.
  • Lethargy: decreased energy levels and reduced appetite.
  • Fever: although not always present, a fever may occur.
  • Difficulty breathing: in severe cases, animals may experience laboured breathing.
Treatments 
For dogs and cats:

Treatment for URIs focuses on managing symptoms and preventing secondary infections.
  • Supportive care: providing plenty of rest, fluids, and a comfortable environment.
  • Humidification: using a cool-mist humidifier can help soothe irritated airways.
  • Nasal and eye care: gentle cleaning of nasal and eye discharge can help prevent complications.
  • Antibiotics: if a bacterial infection is present, antibiotics may be prescribed.
  • Decongestants: in some cases, veterinarians may recommend over-the-counter decongestants for dogs.
Prevent to protect 

While not always preventable, taking certain measures can reduce the risk of URIs.
  • Vaccination: some vaccines can help protect against specific viruses that cause URIs.
  • Hygiene: wash your hands frequently, especially after contact with your pet.
  • Avoid contact: limit contact with other pets, especially if they are sick.
  • Clean environment: regularly disinfect surfaces and items your pet comes into contact with.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs)

What is a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It occurs when bacteria, usually from the intestinal tract, enter the urinary tract and multiply. UTIs are more common in females due to anatomical differences.

Most common in: cats and dogs
UTIs can affect both cats and dogs, although they are more commonly reported in dogs. However, it's essential to note that UTIs can be challenging to diagnose in cats due to their ability to hide signs of illness.
Spot the symptoms 
For dogs and cats:
  • Frequent urination: increased urge to urinate, often in small amounts.
  • Painful urination: difficulty or pain when urinating.
  • Blood in the urine: urine may appear cloudy, bloody, or have a strong odour.
  • Straining to urinate: difficulty starting or stopping urination.
  • Licking the genital area: animals may excessively lick the area due to discomfort.
  • Lethargy: decreased energy levels and reduced appetite.
  • Fever: in more severe cases, a fever may be present.
  • Vomiting: occasional vomiting can occur, especially if the infection has spread to the kidneys.
Treatments 
For dogs and cats:
  • Pain management: medication to relieve discomfort associated with urination.
  • Increased fluid intake: encouraging your pet to drink more water helps flush out bacteria.
  • Dietary changes: in some cases, specific diets may be recommended.
  • Surgery: in rare cases, surgery may be necessary to remove blockages or treat underlying conditions.
Prevent to protect 
  • Regular veterinary check-ups: early detection and treatment can prevent complications.
  • Adequate hydration: encourage your pet to drink plenty of water.
  • Proper hygiene: maintain good hygiene practices, such as wiping from front to back after toileting, to reduce the risk of UTIs.
  • Complete antibiotic courses: finish all prescribed antibiotics to prevent reinfection.
  • Healthy weight: obesity can increase the risk of UTIs.

Worms

What are worms?

Worms, or intestinal parasites, are various types of parasitic organisms that can infect dogs and cats. Common types include roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms, and whipworms. These parasites live within the animal's digestive system and can cause a range of health problems.

Most common in: cats and dogs
Worms are common in both dogs and cats. The specific types of worms that affect each species can vary, but the risk of infection is present for both.
Spot the symptoms 
For dogs and cats:
  • Weight loss: despite a good appetite, the pet may lose weight due to nutrient absorption issues.
  • Diarrhoea: loose or watery stools are common.
  • Vomiting: worms can cause nausea and vomiting.
  • Increased appetite: in some cases, pets with worms may have an increased appetite.
  • Pot-bellied appearance: this is particularly common in puppies and kittens with heavy worm burdens.
  • Dull coat: a lacklustre coat can be a sign of malnutrition caused by worms.
  • Rectal irritation: worms can cause itching or irritation around the anus.
  • Visible worms: in some cases, you may see adult worms in the stool or vomit.
Treatments 
For dogs and cats:

Treatment for worms involves deworming medication prescribed by your veterinarian. The specific type of medication will depend on the type of worm present. Regular deworming is crucial, especially for puppies and kittens.
Prevent to protect 
For dogs and cats:
  • Regular deworming: deworm your pet regularly, especially puppies and kittens.
  • Flea control: some worms, like tapeworms, are transmitted through fleas.
  • Proper waste disposal: clean up after your pet promptly to prevent the spread of worm eggs.
  • Avoid contaminated areas: keep your pet away from areas where other animals defecate.

Keeping your pet happy and healthy for longer

Remember, this list is not exhaustive, and if you're ever concerned about your pet's health, you should always consult a trained veterinarian. Early detection and treatment are crucial for your pet's well-being.

Of course, treatment can often be pricey. So, if you want to ensure your furry friend gets the best possible care, no matter what health challenge arises, having a comprehensive insurance policy in place is essential.

Get your free pet insurance quote today and give yourself peace of mind knowing you can afford the treatment they need.

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